A review article of WDM based optical fiber communication with WDM system evolution

In the modern world, bandwidth and data rates are two most important parameters under consideration in any communication system. An optical fiber communication system is capable of transmitting the data at high bit rates and has a large bandwidth capacity. This high data rate and bandwidth capacity in an optical fiber communication system are further enhanced by using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in conjunction with the information transmission system, in which information from multiple sources are transferred using the same fiber, at the same time, but at different wavelengths. But the high capacity and data rates in optical WDM system is limited by nonlinear effects that occur in optical WDM system, which not only pose a limitation on the channel capacity and data rates but also degrades the performance of the data transmission system. In this paper, analysis has been done to investigate the efficiency of effect under the influence of different system parameters such as chromatic dispersion coefficient, channel spacing, transmission power level, effective area of fiber and fiber length in the form of input signals and output signals frequency spectrums.

Published by: Amrita Soni, Neha Prajapati, Dr. Neha Sharma

Evaluation of stress intensity factor for turbine blade using finite element method

Gas turbines are used in trains, ships, tanks, and alongside steam turbines and in power stations to generate power. During every start-up and shutdown of an aviation gas turbine, the compressor blades are subjected to centrifugal, gas bending and vibratory loads. This repeated loading and unloading can reduce the life of compressor blades. With blading problems accounting for as many as 42 percents of the failures in gas turbines. Previous works on compressor blades have focused mainly on fatigue life estimation in the vicinity of foreign object damage. Geometric modeling of the blade was done using CAD tool CATIA. Static stress analysis was carried out to ascertain the critical region or crack zone of the blade. The maximum Von - Mises stress was found at the fillet region near the root of the blade The results of Finite element analysis showed that maximum von-mises stress was found at the 12 o‟ clock fillet region due to an influence of centrifugal stresses. The maximum Mode I stress intensity factor of 61.4 Mpa√m was found at the surface interception point, for a crack length of 6mm and crack depth of 2.4mm. With the increase in rotational velocity of 5000 rpm, 10000 rpm, and 20000 rpm, Fatigue crack length growth rate was estimated to be a 1.95 x 10-09, 1.65 x 10-07 m/cycle and 4.15 x 10-05 m/cycle and the fatigue crack propagation life was estimated to be of 4.3 x 108 cycles, 7.3 x 106 cycles and 5 x 103 cycles respectively.

Published by: Vijayavithal M Illal, Prakash B Ramanna Bandi

Raspberry-Pi based display board using mobile application

Display board has become an important thing in institutes, organization or public places. Sticking various notices every day with new data is a very difficult process. The system can be applicable in many areas where the information needs to be circulated visually rather than in the textual format unlike the traditional ways of displaying where the information is provided but the viewers have the least interest in viewing them. The system that is being developed brings about the communication between multiple devices which are Raspberry-pi, smartphones and LCD display. The mobile application acts as a controller to the Raspberry-pi through wireless connectivity either Bluetooth or Wi-Fi, which is then connected to the LCD display for the information to be displayed

Published by: Pushpa Limboo, Ayush Rai, Pratibha Rai, Bandana Rai, Balaram Sharma, Prerna Rai

Factor affecting consumer buying behavior in Vishal mega mart retail store

Consumer Buying Behavior refers to the buying behavior of their ultimate consumer related to the market segment. A company needs to analyze buying behavior for:

• Buyer’s reactions with respect to a company or a firm. Marketing strategy has a great impact on the firm’s success.
• The marketing concept stress or emphasize that a firm should create a Marketing Mix (MM) that satisfies customers, therefore need to analyze the what, where, when and how consumers buy. So the better utility in terms of satisfaction can be given to the customers.
• Marketers can better predict how consumers will respond or react to the marketing strategies.

Published by: Neeraj Dubey, Dr. Richa Sinha

Mechanical characterization of aluminum-based hybrid metal matrix composites

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) are characterized by lightweight, better specific strength and wear resistance properties. Due to their superior properties, MMCs have good potential for application in the automotive and aerospace industries. Among many types of MMCs, the most popular types are aluminum alloys reinforced with Al2O3 and MgO particulates since they provide favorable properties with only a minimum increase in density over the base alloy. The basic purpose of adding reinforcement into the metal matrix is to increase the yield strength, tensile strength, and hardness at ambient temperatures. Many of the components made out of MMCs are operated in applications, where they are subjected to relative sliding and rolling motion with respect to the surfaces of the mating components. The sliding wear of the composites is a complex process involving not only mechanical but also thermal and chemical interactions between the surfaces in contact. The Al 6061 Hybrid composites prepared by stir casting liquid metallurgy route with the percentage of 2% wt of Aluminium Oxide and 2% wt of Magnesium Oxide and the combination of 1% wt of Aluminium Oxide and 1% wt of Magnesium Oxide for Hybrid material. Hence, composites with Al2O3 and MgO with Al-6061 as reinforcement are likely to overcome the cost barrier as well as the different physical and mechanical properties for widely used in the automotive and spacecraft applications.

Published by: Gourav G Shetty, Adarsh Kumar, Adithya Kumar, Adithya V Hegde, Lingaraj Ritti

Analysis of isotropic plates for finite element large amplitude free flexural vibration

Structural components are generally subjected to dynamic loadings in their working life. Very often these components may have to perform in the severe dynamic environment wherein the maximum damage results from the resonant vibration. Susceptibility to fracture of materials due to vibration is determined by stress and frequency. The maximum amplitude of the vibration must be in the limited for the safety of the structure. Hence vibration analysis has become very important in designing a structure to know in advance its response and to take necessary steps to control the structural vibrations and its amplitudes. The non-linear or large amplitude flexural vibration of plates has received considerable attention in recent years because of the great importance and interest attached to the structures of low flexural rigidity. These easily deformable structures vibrate at large amplitudes. The solution obtained based on the lineage models provide no more than a first approximation to the actual solutions. The increasing demand for more realistic models to predict the responses of elastic bodies combined with the availability of super computational facilities has enabled researchers to abandon the linear theories in favor of non-linear methods of solutions. In the present investigation, large amplitude vibration of several rectangular and skew plates has been studied using an isoparametric quadratic plate bending element for the finite element method. The formulations have incorporated the shear deformation of the plates. Plates with various boundary conditions have been considered in the study. The effect of variations in the Poisson’s ratio, thickness parameter & plate aspect ratio on the non-linear frequency ratio has also been included in the research.

Published by: Gajendra Singh Bhadoriya, Satish Parihar