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Review Paper

An Overview of the Antimatter-Matter Asymmetry Problem (Baryongenesis and CP violation)

This literature review delves into the heart of the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem, a fundamental puzzle that challenges our understanding of the early universe and the dynamics of particle interactions. A few new innovative theories and experimental investigations exist to approach this problem and are elucidated in this paper, specifically charge-parity violation (CPV) and Baryogenesis. The paper begins with exploring the historical development of the Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry Problem. It then examines the theoretical constructs necessary for generating the observed imbalance, such as Sakharov’s conditions. This is followed by an analysis of the experimental evidence and ongoing research efforts, coupled with advancements in theoretical frameworks of CPV and baryogenesis mechanisms that offer promising avenues to unlock the secrets of matter-antimatter asymmetry. However, these theories still need to fully answer the question of the asymmetry problem, pushing us to explore the potential extensions to the Standard Model that may provide a resolution.

Published by: Jaahnavi Maheshwari

Author: Jaahnavi Maheshwari

Paper ID: V12I6-1146

Paper Status: published

Published: November 13, 2026

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Research Paper

Visibility of Intimate Partner Violence in Tanzania’s Print Media: A Case of HabariLeo and Mwananchi Newspapers

The purpose of the study was to examine the visibility of intimate partner violence (IPV) in the newspapers. The study adopted the agenda-setting theory. Study Design: The study used a longitudinal comparative research design using quantitative content analysis. The research was conducted between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2023 using HabariLeo and Mwananchi newspapers. Methodology: The study used a quantitative approach. The study population comprised all 3,652 editions published by the two newspapers over a five-year period, from 2019 to 2023, with each newspaper contributing 1,826 editions. Results: The findings show that most news stories occupied a quarter page or less, none appeared on the front page, and Mwananchi reported IPV 3.4 times as often per edition as the HabariLeo newspaper. Conclusion: Making IPV visible is not simply a matter of printing more stories. It depends on how those stories are gathered, sized, placed, and followed. Until Tanzanian newspapers change those practices, IPV will continue to appear in newspaper pages as private misfortune rather than as the public problem.

Published by: John Nchimbi, Dr. Henry L. Mambo

Author: John Nchimbi

Paper ID: V12I5-1264

Paper Status: published

Published: November 11, 2026

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Research Paper

A Framing Analysis of Intimate Partner Violence: A Case of HabariLeo and Mwananchi Newspapers

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study was to examine how newspapers in Tanzania frame intimate partner violence. The study adopted the framing theory (Erving Goffman 1974). Study Design: The study used a longitudinal comparative research design using quantitative content analysis. The research was conducted between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2023 using HabariLeo, a government-owned newspaper, and Mwananchi, a privately-owned newspaper. Methodology: The study used a quantitative approach. The study population comprised all 3,652 editions published by the two newspapers over a five-year period, from 2019 to 2023, with each newspaper contributing 1,826 editions. Results: The findings show that hard news made up 69% of news stories and 81% of news and features were episodic. Official sources supplied 45% of source appearances and survivors only 5%. Over a quarter of incident headlines explained the violence through infidelity, jealousy, love, or illness. Conclusion: The two newspapers framed intimate partner violence as a crime of passion rather than a public problem.

Published by: John Nchimbi

Author: John Nchimbi

Paper ID: V12I5-1262

Paper Status: published

Published: November 11, 2026

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Research Paper

Trends in E-Waste Optimization: A Bibliometric Analysis

Electronic waste (e-waste) optimisation has emerged as an important research area at the intersection of waste management, environmental sustainability, engineering, operations research, materials recovery and digital technology. The present study examines the development of research on e-waste management optimisation through bibliometric analysis and a focused literature review. The research methodology uses Scopus as the sole database and applies the Boolean search string "electronic AND waste AND optimisation" to article titles, abstracts and keywords. The initial search produced 2,562 records. After applying the defined screening criteria for the 2006–2027 period, document type, language and source type, the final dataset contained 1,755 journal articles and reviews. The selection process was designed to maintain a consistent and analysable corpus while preserving the interdisciplinary nature of the field. The data analysis reports 1,755 documents across 624 sources, contributed by 5,889 authors, with an average of 5.08 co-authors per document. Approximately 26.55% of the documents involve authors from more than one country. Publication output accelerated sharply after 2023, increasing from 137 papers in 2023 to 178 in 2024, 300 in 2025 and 450 in 2026. Consequently, the two years 2025 and 2026 alone account for 750 documents, approximately 43% of the dataset. The bibliometric evidence shows rapid growth, expanding interdisciplinarity and increasing attention to battery recovery, sustainability assessment, reverse logistics and digital tools. The central issue for the field is consequently not simply whether an individual technology can recover a material efficiently, but whether the technology can be integrated into a practical system that is environmentally sound, economically viable, socially accessible and scalable.

Published by: Richa Saxena, Aadit Jain, Aalya Jindal, Aarav Shah, Aayan Namdeo, Abhay Bhalani

Author: Richa Saxena

Paper ID: V12I5-1268

Paper Status: published

Published: October 31, 2026

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Review Paper

A Low-Cost Dual-Layer Wastewater Pollution and Toxicity Monitor for MSMEs

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) testing is required to monitor pollution load for all medium-scale industrial units that generate process wastewater legally. The incubation period for BOD can be up to five days, which makes it impractical to perform routine testing for micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), leading to the practice of more frequent pollution monitoring being neglected. In this paper, a cost-field-deployable wastewater screening architecture is proposed, which indirectly estimates BOD and COD by two low-cost proxy measurements. Turbidity, electrical conductivity. The proposed system assumes a 2-sensor input space to enable the full system from acquisition to inference to run on a low-power microcontroller without needing external connectivity. This paper outlines the system architecture, data-collection protocol, candidate regression algorithms, and an evaluation plan using regression metrics compared against statutory discharge limits, placing the system in a position to be a cost-effective early-warning screening device as opposed to a certified laboratory replacement.

Published by: Reshma B, Selvalakshmi U, Megaa S R, Ranjani A, Keerthana G

Author: Reshma B

Paper ID: V12I5-1210

Paper Status: published

Published: October 31, 2026

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Research Paper

Artificial Intelligence in West Africa: Ethical Governance, Policy, and Institutional Readiness, A Comparative Legal and Institutional Study with Particular Attention to Liberia and Sierra Leone

Ethical governance is central to public trust, development, human rights protection, and the effective delivery of public services. This paper examines the legal and institutional architecture for ethical governance in Sierra Leone, with a comparative focus on Liberia. It considers constitutional accountability, anti-corruption enforcement, public financial management, procurement and concessions, access to information, public-sector ethics, and institutional capacity. The analysis draws on domestic legislation, regional and international instruments, including the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and selected judicial developments. Sierra Leone’s Anti-Corruption Act 2008, as amended in 2019, Public Financial Management Act 2016, Public Procurement Act 2016, and Right of Access to Information Act 2013 provide a broad statutory framework. Liberia’s Constitution of 1986, Anti-Corruption Commission legislation, Public Procurement and Concessions Act, and extractive-industry transparency institutions similarly establish formal accountability mechanisms. The paper argues that the main governance challenge is not simply the absence of laws, but the distance between formal rules and consistent implementation. Institutional independence, adequate resources, open contracting, protected whistleblowing, professional civil services, judicial independence, civic participation, and measurable follow-through are therefore essential. It recommends a practical implementation agenda for both states, while recognising that their constitutional and institutional contexts are distinct.

Published by: Solomon Simeon Macarthy, Sam Siryon, Dr. Manju Rani

Author: Solomon Simeon Macarthy

Paper ID: V12I5-1267

Paper Status: published

Published: October 31, 2026

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