Genetically modified (GM) crops are an important application of agricultural biotechnology, developed to introduce selected traits that may improve crop performance, quality, or resilience. This review examines the potential benefits, limitations, and future prospects of GM crops, with attention to their relevance for food security and sustainable agriculture. Desired traits can include resistance to particular insect pests, tolerance to specific herbicides, improved nutritional composition, and selected forms of tolerance to environmental stress. Depending on the crop, trait, and farming system, these technologies may help reduce losses and, in some cases, lower the use of certain insecticides. However, outcomes are not uniform: they depend on local ecology, crop management, resistance-management practices, and access to appropriate seeds and knowledge. Important issues include gene flow, the evolution of resistant pests or weeds, possible effects on non-target organisms, biodiversity, seed affordability, market access, and public confidence. Food and environmental safety therefore require case-by-case assessment based on the specific crop and trait, alongside transparent regulation and monitoring. Newer approaches, including CRISPR-based genome editing, may expand the range of traits available for crop improvement, although their benefits and risks also need careful evaluation. Overall, GM crops should be assessed using scientific evidence and local agricultural conditions rather than treated as universally beneficial or harmful. Their responsible use may contribute to resilient food systems when integrated with sound agronomy, biodiversity protection, and fair access for farmers.