The rapid expansion of digital technologies across the globe has made cybersecurity an essential component of modern society. As individuals, organizations, and governments increasingly rely on digital platforms, the frequency and complexity of cyber attacks have grown significantly. Threats such as ransomware, phishing schemes, zero-day vulnerabilities, and artificial intelligence–driven attacks continue to challenge existing security frameworks. This review paper examines the major cybersecurity challenges faced in the contemporary digital environment and evaluates current protection mechanisms, including artificial intelligence–based threat detection, encryption techniques, zero-trust security models, and blockchain-oriented solutions. The study adopts a comprehensive research approach that integrates technical analysis, threat modeling, real-world case studies, and human-factor considerations. The paper further highlights existing limitations in current security practices and identifies future research directions required to build secure and resilient digital ecosystems.