The Israel-Palestine conflict is one of the most intractable and controversial geopolitical disputes in modern history. Rooted in colonial legacies, competing nationalist movements, and overlapping religious claims, it continues to generate widespread humanitarian, legal, and political implications across the globe. This paper seeks to provide a brief but comprehensive overview of the conflict by addressing its historical evolution, major flashpoints, key legal controversies, and contemporary developments—including the 2023–24 Israel-Gaza war, the South Africa v. Israel genocide case before the ICJ, and the regional reverberations involving Iran, Hezbollah, and major global powers.